Stem Cell Universe with Stephen Hawking Page #2

Synopsis: Led by a pioneer in the science world, Stephen Hawking, this special takes us on a journey which delves into the subjects of stem cells both embryonic and adult to explore what these ...
 
IMDB:
8.2
TV-PG
Year:
2014
60 min
174 Views


it starts to look like

an embryonic stem cell.

And the only difference now between

this and an embryonic stem cell

is that it has your DNA in it.

The four genes

inserted into the cell

create four proteins that exist

naturally in an egg.

Those proteins appear to trigger

skin cell DNA

to arrange itself

just the way it is

in an embryonic stem cell.

Kristin was not the first

to create these cells,

which scientists call

induced pluripotent stem cells,

or IPS cells.

But Kristin

was the first to explore

whether these manufactured

stem cells

are really the same

as the natural versions.

So, an ideal IPS cell

or embryonic stem cell

should be able to make

all the cell types that you want

equally well

and at the same time,

not make unwanted cell types...

In particular, cancer.

But some of the cells

actually fail to make

cell types that you'd like

and others

can actually cause cancer,

and this is a worry.

So, what we are working on

is to try to find a way

to either improve

the way we make the cells

so that they're all

the first kind, the good kind,

or to find a way to test

for the differences

and identify

the ones that will be bad.

Kristin and her research team

took some skin cells from a mouse

and turned them

into a colony of IPS cells.

From them,

they grew thousands of colonies

of different adult tissue types.

Eventually, after months

of exhaustive screening,

Kristin identified

a colony of IPS cells

that never turned cancerous

and seemed to be moldable

into any cell type.

So, now that we've made

the IPS cells,

we'd like to make them into

specific cell types in a dish,

especially those which

are useful for us in medicine.

One type of cell that we can't

get from people is a heart cell,

so we can see if we could

turn the IPS cells

into heart cells in a dish.

So, in fact, when we do this,

we can make heart cells.

So that's great.

Another type of cell

we'd like to make

are brain cells, neurons,

because we can't get those

from people.

And so, we ask the IPS cells,

"can you make neurons

in a dish?"

And, in fact, they can.

But Kristin wasn't content with

making a few key cell types.

She wanted to put her IPS cells

to the ultimate test.

What we wanted to do

is take the IPS cells

and try to make

a whole organism out of those.

And so, to do that,

we wanted to make a mouse.

What we did is we took

the IPS cells

and we then put them

into a pregnant female,

and we waited.

And when the mouse

had its babies,

much to our surprise,

we found live mice

that we could later prove

came only from the IPS cells.

So now, this mouse is a clone

of the original mouse

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Submitted on August 05, 2018

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