Forks Over Knives Page #2
probed and applied.
Two researchers who've made
groundbreaking contributions
to this effort are Dr. Colin Campbell
and Dr. Caldwell Esselstyn.
Born just a few months
apart in 1933 and '34,
they each grew up on farms.
Campbell's childhood farm
is in rural Virginia,
cattle and milked cows.
My dad and mother
moved here in 1943
when I was nine years old.
And during that time,
we had a dairy of about
somewheres between
which in those days was a
modest, medium-sized dairy.
At the time, milk
was believed to be
nature's perfect food.
So perfect, in fact, that this
U.S. government film
from the early 20th century
recommended that infants
who have just been weaned
from their mother's milk
should be switched
immediately to cow's milk.
That was the excitement
of doing something,
producing nature's perfect
food, if you will.
Established in 1675,
the Esselstyn's farm is
in upstate New York.
they grazed both beef
and dairy cattle.
This was sort of like
the nerve center
of the operation in a way?
More or less, absolutely.
This is sort of the epicenter,
around these barns.
This is the way farming
was done in that era.
And so this is sort
of where you learned
the craft... the trade.
The trade of farming.
How old were you
when you moved here?
Seven.
I didn't start
driving the tractor
A late bloomer, right?
Yeah, exactly.
But I enjoyed it,
out of doing the farm work.
Although they didn't
know each other yet,
farm life had a deep
and lasting influence
on both Campbell and Esselstyn.
To make it successful, you
had to have persistence,
staying power, and
tenacity of purpose.
sense that we're both
now advocating not
consuming the products
that we were busy actually
producing with our families.
During Campbell and
Esselstyn's lifetimes,
the American diet has
changed dramatically.
Near the beginning
of the 20th century,
Americans each ate about 120
pounds of meat annually.
By 2007, that
figure had exploded
to no less than 222 pounds.
In 1913, we ate about 40 pounds
of processed sugar
each per year.
However by 1999,
our consumption of all
refined sweeteners
had risen to over 147 pounds.
In 1909, Americans consumed
around 294 pounds of
dairy products apiece.
But by 2006, our
yearly intake of dairy
had more than doubled
to 605 pounds.
By the early 1950s, Campbell was
off to college at Penn State
while Esselstyn went to Yale.
As part of Yale's rowing team,
Esselstyn won an olympic
gold medal in 1956.
During this same decade,
the pace of American
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